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The periodic table, element by element
How many chemical elements are there? 118 confirmed by IUPAC, from hydrogen to oganesson. The table below lists them all with their essential data, and every name links to the element's full sheet, including the story behind each christening.
The 118 elements
| Z | Symbol | Name | Mass (u) | Period | Group | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | Hydrogen | 1.008 | 1 | 1 | nonmetal |
| 2 | He | Helium | 4.003 | 1 | 18 | noble gas |
| 3 | Li | Lithium | 7 | 2 | 1 | alkali metal |
| 4 | Be | Beryllium | 9.012 | 2 | 2 | alkaline earth metal |
| 5 | B | Boron | 10.81 | 2 | 13 | metalloid |
| 6 | C | Carbon | 12.01 | 2 | 14 | nonmetal |
| 7 | N | Nitrogen | 14.01 | 2 | 15 | nonmetal |
| 8 | O | Oxygen | 16 | 2 | 16 | nonmetal |
| 9 | F | Fluorine | 19 | 2 | 17 | halogen |
| 10 | Ne | Neon | 20.18 | 2 | 18 | noble gas |
| 11 | Na | Sodium | 22.99 | 3 | 1 | alkali metal |
| 12 | Mg | Magnesium | 24.31 | 3 | 2 | alkaline earth metal |
| 13 | Al | Aluminum | 26.98 | 3 | 13 | post-transition metal |
| 14 | Si | Silicon | 28.09 | 3 | 14 | metalloid |
| 15 | P | Phosphorus | 30.97 | 3 | 15 | nonmetal |
| 16 | S | Sulfur | 32.07 | 3 | 16 | nonmetal |
| 17 | Cl | Chlorine | 35.45 | 3 | 17 | halogen |
| 18 | Ar | Argon | 39.9 | 3 | 18 | noble gas |
| 19 | K | Potassium | 39.1 | 4 | 1 | alkali metal |
| 20 | Ca | Calcium | 40.08 | 4 | 2 | alkaline earth metal |
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | 44.96 | 4 | 3 | transition metal |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | 47.87 | 4 | 4 | transition metal |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | 50.94 | 4 | 5 | transition metal |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | 52 | 4 | 6 | transition metal |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | 54.94 | 4 | 7 | transition metal |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | 55.84 | 4 | 8 | transition metal |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | 58.93 | 4 | 9 | transition metal |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | 58.69 | 4 | 10 | transition metal |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | 63.55 | 4 | 11 | transition metal |
| 30 | Zn | Zinc | 65.4 | 4 | 12 | transition metal |
| 31 | Ga | Gallium | 69.72 | 4 | 13 | post-transition metal |
| 32 | Ge | Germanium | 72.63 | 4 | 14 | metalloid |
| 33 | As | Arsenic | 74.92 | 4 | 15 | metalloid |
| 34 | Se | Selenium | 78.97 | 4 | 16 | nonmetal |
| 35 | Br | Bromine | 79.9 | 4 | 17 | halogen |
| 36 | Kr | Krypton | 83.8 | 4 | 18 | noble gas |
| 37 | Rb | Rubidium | 85.47 | 5 | 1 | alkali metal |
| 38 | Sr | Strontium | 87.62 | 5 | 2 | alkaline earth metal |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | 88.91 | 5 | 3 | transition metal |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | 91.22 | 5 | 4 | transition metal |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | 92.91 | 5 | 5 | transition metal |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 95.95 | 5 | 6 | transition metal |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium | 96.91 | 5 | 7 | transition metal |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 101.1 | 5 | 8 | transition metal |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | 102.9 | 5 | 9 | transition metal |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | 106.4 | 5 | 10 | transition metal |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | 107.9 | 5 | 11 | transition metal |
| 48 | Cd | Cadmium | 112.4 | 5 | 12 | transition metal |
| 49 | In | Indium | 114.8 | 5 | 13 | post-transition metal |
| 50 | Sn | Tin | 118.7 | 5 | 14 | post-transition metal |
| 51 | Sb | Antimony | 121.8 | 5 | 15 | metalloid |
| 52 | Te | Tellurium | 127.6 | 5 | 16 | metalloid |
| 53 | I | Iodine | 126.9 | 5 | 17 | halogen |
| 54 | Xe | Xenon | 131.3 | 5 | 18 | noble gas |
| 55 | Cs | Cesium | 132.9 | 6 | 1 | alkali metal |
| 56 | Ba | Barium | 137.3 | 6 | 2 | alkaline earth metal |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | 138.9 | 6 | 3 | lanthanide |
| 58 | Ce | Cerium | 140.1 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 140.9 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 60 | Nd | Neodymium | 144.2 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 61 | Pm | Promethium | 144.9 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 62 | Sm | Samarium | 150.4 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 63 | Eu | Europium | 152 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 157.3 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 65 | Tb | Terbium | 158.9 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 162.5 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 67 | Ho | Holmium | 164.9 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 68 | Er | Erbium | 167.3 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 69 | Tm | Thulium | 168.9 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 70 | Yb | Ytterbium | 173.1 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 71 | Lu | Lutetium | 175 | 6 | f-block | lanthanide |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | 178.5 | 6 | 4 | transition metal |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | 180.9 | 6 | 5 | transition metal |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | 183.8 | 6 | 6 | transition metal |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | 186.2 | 6 | 7 | transition metal |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | 190.2 | 6 | 8 | transition metal |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | 192.2 | 6 | 9 | transition metal |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | 195.1 | 6 | 10 | transition metal |
| 79 | Au | Gold | 197 | 6 | 11 | transition metal |
| 80 | Hg | Mercury | 200.6 | 6 | 12 | transition metal |
| 81 | Tl | Thallium | 204.4 | 6 | 13 | post-transition metal |
| 82 | Pb | Lead | 207 | 6 | 14 | post-transition metal |
| 83 | Bi | Bismuth | 209 | 6 | 15 | post-transition metal |
| 84 | Po | Polonium | 209 | 6 | 16 | metalloid |
| 85 | At | Astatine | 210 | 6 | 17 | halogen |
| 86 | Rn | Radon | 222 | 6 | 18 | noble gas |
| 87 | Fr | Francium | 223 | 7 | 1 | alkali metal |
| 88 | Ra | Radium | 226 | 7 | 2 | alkaline earth metal |
| 89 | Ac | Actinium | 227 | 7 | 3 | actinide |
| 90 | Th | Thorium | 232 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 91 | Pa | Protactinium | 231 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 92 | U | Uranium | 238 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 93 | Np | Neptunium | 237 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 94 | Pu | Plutonium | 244.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 95 | Am | Americium | 243.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 96 | Cm | Curium | 247.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 97 | Bk | Berkelium | 247.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 98 | Cf | Californium | 251.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 99 | Es | Einsteinium | 252.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 100 | Fm | Fermium | 257.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 101 | Md | Mendelevium | 258.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 102 | No | Nobelium | 259.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 103 | Lr | Lawrencium | 266.1 | 7 | f-block | actinide |
| 104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | 267.1 | 7 | 4 | transition metal |
| 105 | Db | Dubnium | 268.1 | 7 | 5 | transition metal |
| 106 | Sg | Seaborgium | 269.1 | 7 | 6 | transition metal |
| 107 | Bh | Bohrium | 270.1 | 7 | 7 | transition metal |
| 108 | Hs | Hassium | 269.1 | 7 | 8 | transition metal |
| 109 | Mt | Meitnerium | 277.2 | 7 | 9 | transition metal |
| 110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | 282.2 | 7 | 10 | transition metal |
| 111 | Rg | Roentgenium | 282.2 | 7 | 11 | transition metal |
| 112 | Cn | Copernicium | 286.2 | 7 | 12 | transition metal |
| 113 | Nh | Nihonium | 286.2 | 7 | 13 | post-transition metal |
| 114 | Fl | Flerovium | 290.2 | 7 | 14 | post-transition metal |
| 115 | Mc | Moscovium | 290.2 | 7 | 15 | post-transition metal |
| 116 | Lv | Livermorium | 293.2 | 7 | 16 | post-transition metal |
| 117 | Ts | Tennessine | 294.2 | 7 | 17 | halogen |
| 118 | Og | Oganesson | 295.2 | 7 | 18 | noble gas |
What the numbers say
Of the 118 confirmed elements, 94 occur in nature (two of them, Technetium and Promethium, only in traces from natural nuclear reactions) and 24 were born exclusively in laboratories, all after 1944. The densest is Osmium, at 22.57 g/cm³: a litre of it outweighs a bag of cement. The rarest in nature is Astatine, with a few grams in the planet's entire crust at any moment.
The temperature extremes live at opposite ends: Tungsten only melts at 3,421.85 °C, the highest bar among metals, while Helium never freezes at normal pressure (the table's 0.95 K value only holds under high pressure). On electronegativity, Fluorine is the undisputed champion at 3.98, and the heavy alkali metals sit at the other end of the ruler.
The resident nerd fact: scan the symbol column and note that the letters J and Q appear in none of the 118. Every symbol comes from the element's Latin, Greek or modern name, and none of them ever needed those two letters; the W of Tungsten and the Hg of Mercury preserve entire alternative names (wolfram and hydrargyrum).
Physical and chemical data: PubChem Periodic Table (NCBI, compiling NIST and IUPAC), public domain, snapshot of 2026-07-10. Temperatures converted from kelvin; historical notes cross checked against classic chemistry references.
Last updated: · Methodology and sources