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• Roman numerals converterConvert numbers to Roman numerals and back, with the full reference table and the subtraction rules explained.
• Number base converterConvert between binary, decimal, hexadecimal and octal in any direction, with a reference table and why each base exists.
• Morse code translatorTranslate text to Morse code and back, with the full alphabet and the story of the code that refuses to die.
• Chess opening statisticsWhite wins, draws and Black wins for the 27 main chess openings, measured across 2,658,585 real games on Lichess.
• Sicilian Defense (1.e4 c5)The Sicilian Defense in real numbers: 45.9% White wins across 388,917 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• French Defense (1.e4 e6)The French Defense in real numbers: 47.8% White wins across 202,192 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Caro-Kann Defense (1.e4 c6)The Caro-Kann Defense in real numbers: 45.4% White wins across 93,081 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Italian Game (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4)The Italian Game in real numbers: 50.6% White wins across 88,443 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5)The Ruy Lopez in real numbers: 52.1% White wins across 73,519 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Scandinavian Defense (1.e4 d5)The Scandinavian Defense in real numbers: 49.7% White wins across 111,932 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Pirc Defense (1.e4 d6)The Pirc Defense in real numbers: 47.8% White wins across 58,616 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Alekhine's Defense (1.e4 Nf6)The Alekhine's Defense in real numbers: 44.6% White wins across 30,110 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Scotch Game (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4)The Scotch Game in real numbers: 52.7% White wins across 40,877 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• King's Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4)The King's Gambit in real numbers: 55.0% White wins across 68,798 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Vienna Game (1.e4 e5 2.Nc3)The Vienna Game in real numbers: 54.1% White wins across 20,015 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4)The Queen's Gambit in real numbers: 54.6% White wins across 154,562 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Slav Defense (1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6)The Slav Defense in real numbers: 51.3% White wins across 41,842 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Queen's Gambit Declined (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6)The Queen's Gambit Declined in real numbers: 52.1% White wins across 45,803 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• King's Indian Defense (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7)The King's Indian Defense in real numbers: 47.5% White wins across 16,082 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Nimzo-Indian Defense (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4)The Nimzo-Indian Defense in real numbers: 46.0% White wins across 13,554 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Grünfeld Defense (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5)The Grünfeld Defense in real numbers: 44.6% White wins across 6,847 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• London System (1.d4 d5 2.Bf4)The London System in real numbers: 51.3% White wins across 18,987 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• English Opening (1.c4)The English Opening in real numbers: 51.2% White wins across 97,752 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Réti Opening (1.Nf3 d5 2.c4)The Réti Opening in real numbers: 56.5% White wins across 6,918 Lichess games, the 5 most common replies, the rating effect and the opening's history.
• Integer scaling calculatorFind the largest integer scale factor for NES, SNES, Mega Drive, PS1, GBA and CPS arcades on any screen, with final size, borders and the CRT era reference table.
• 4:3 aspect ratio and pixel aspect ratioThe SNES drew 256×224 but the TV showed 4:3: understand pixel aspect ratio, correct any stored resolution and browse the table of historical PARs per system.
• Latency to frames converterConvert milliseconds to frames (and back) at 60, 50 and 30 fps, see what 1 to 5 frames of lag mean and why PAL games ran 17% slower than NTSC.
• Megabit and ROM size converterConvert Kbit, Mbit, KB and MB using the binary cartridge convention, learn why 4 Meg was only 512 KB and browse the real size table of famous games.
• The resolutions of video game historyA verified table with resolution, pixel aspect ratio and year for every CRT era console, from the Atari 2600 to the Dreamcast, plus why the TV ruled them all.
• Token counterPaste your text and see an estimate of tokens, words, characters and approximate cost. The exact number depends on each AI model's own tokenizer.
• AI glossary for beginnersToken, LLM, embedding, RAG, hallucination, fine-tuning and more: 30 artificial intelligence terms explained in plain language, with everyday examples.
• The rules of a good promptThe five principles of a good prompt (role, context, specificity, examples and format) with weak and better prompts side by side for you to compare.